- #Cognitive demand of undistracted highway driving drivers#
- #Cognitive demand of undistracted highway driving driver#
#Cognitive demand of undistracted highway driving driver#
Outcomes on the HFV test are only moderately predictive of driving safety outcomes in glaucoma ( Ball et al., 1993 Tatham et al., 2015), which may be attributed to the fact that safe driving not only requires intact physiological visual field, but also depends on the attentional capacity of the driver and the cognitive demand of the task ( Owsley et al., 1998 Rubin et al., 2007 Owsley and McGwin, 2010). Driving requires an individual to respond appropriately to many static and dynamic visual stimuli in cluttered environments. However, there is increasing evidence that physiological visual field defects do not reflect performance in daily-life activities such as driving ( Henderson and Burg, 1974 Hills and Burg, 1977 Shinar, 1977 Wood and Troutbeck, 1995). The physiological visual field assessed using the HVF comprises the detection of static stimuli presented one at a time in the periphery. The Humphrey visual field analyzer (HVF) is the most commonly used method of detecting physiological visual field in individuals with glaucoma ( Beck et al., 1985 Mills et al., 1986 Ballon et al., 1992 Agarwal et al., 2000 Talbot et al., 2013). The usual process of the disease diagnosis includes assessment of damage to the optic disk and retinal nerve fiber layer, and clinical evaluation of the physiological visual field ( Quigley et al., 1981 Weinreb and Khaw, 2004 Harwerth et al., 2010). More than 70 million people worldwide are estimated to be affected by glaucoma with approximately 10% being bilaterally blind ( Quigley, 2006). Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by slow degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and their axons resulting in irreversible loss of peripheral field of vision ( Weinreb and Khaw, 2004 Weinreb et al., 2014).
#Cognitive demand of undistracted highway driving drivers#
Our results may inform the development of a performance-based visual field test for drivers with glaucoma. Overall, drivers with glaucoma exhibited greater cognitive workload than controls ( p = 0.02).Ĭonclusion: Cognitive demand disproportionately affects functional visual field performance in drivers with glaucoma. However, drivers with glaucoma performed worse than did control drivers when the static condition changed to a dynamic condition and to a dynamic condition with active driving. Results: Adding cognitive demand (C2 and C3) to the static visual field test (C1) adversely affected accuracy and response times, in both groups ( p < 0.05). General linear models were employed to compare cognitive workload, recorded in real-time through pupillometry, between groups and conditions. The number of correct responses (accuracy) and response times on the visual field task were compared between groups and between conditions using Kruskal–Wallis tests. Visual field performance was evaluated under different degrees of cognitive demand: a static visual field condition (C1), dynamic visual field condition (C2), and dynamic visual field condition with active driving (C3) using an interactive, desktop driving simulator. Method: This study included 20 drivers with open-angle glaucoma and 13 age- and sex-matched controls. Purpose: To investigate the effect of cognitive demand on functional visual field performance in drivers with glaucoma. 3Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.2Laboratoire Ergonomie et Sciences Cognitives pour les Transports (LESCOT), IFSTTAR, TS2, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.1Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.Akinwuntan 1, Kathryn Bollinger 3 and Hannes Devos 1* Viswa Gangeddula 1, Maud Ranchet 2, Abiodun E.
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